Pioglitazone hydrochloride is a potent and selective PPARγ agonist with high affinity binding to the PPARγ ligand-binding domain with EC₅₀ of 0.93 and 0.99 μM for human and mouse PPARγ, respectively.

EC50: 0.93 μM (human PPARγ), 0.99 μM (mouse PPARγ)^[1]

AGEs-induced beta cell necrosis is completely abrogated by adding Pioglitazone to the AGEs culture medium. Furthermore Pioglitazone completely prevented any AGEs-induced increment in caspase-3 activation, thereby restoring caspase-3 activity to the same levels as the control cells. As expected AG is able to counteract AGEs-induced impaired viability^[2].

The serum-free fatty acid and triglyceride levels as well as adipocyte sizes in ob/ob and adipo^-/- ob/ob mice are unchanged after 10 mg/kg Pioglitazone but are significantly reduced to a similar degree after 30 mg/kg Pioglitazone. Moreover, the expressions of TNFα and resistin in adipose tissues of ob/ob and adipo^-/- ob/ob mice are unchanged after 10 mg/kg Pioglitazone but are decreased after 30 mg/kg Pioglitazone. Thus, Pioglitazone-induced amelioration of insulin resistance and diabetes may occur adiponectin dependently in the liver and adiponectin independently in skeletal muscle^[3]. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg per d) treatment significantly attenuates the loss of body weight (BW) and cardiac hypertrophy. Pioglitazone treatment significantly reduces the elevated serum glucose levels and markedly improved the associated dyslipidemia. Furthermore, there is a slight but significant increase in serum creatinine level in D rats over their N controls (P <0.05). however,="" a="" marked="" renal="" dysfunction="" is="" observed="" in="" diabetic="" nephropathic="" (dn)="" group=""><0.05). moreover,="" dn="" rats="" exhibits="" the="" highest="" serum="" activity="" of="" ck-mb,="" relative="" to="" both="" n="" and="" d="" rats=""><0.05). pioglitazone="" is="" able="" to="" decrease="" the="" elevated="" serum="" levels="" of="" both="" creatinine="" and="" creatine="" kinase-mb="">^[4].

• [1]. Kuwabara K, et al. A novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, 2-methyl-c-5-[4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxazolyl]butyl]-1,3-dioxane-r-2-carboxylic acid (NS-220), potently decreases plasma triglyceride and glucose leve

  [2]. Puddu A, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates the detrimental effects of advanced glycation end-products in the pancreatic beta cell line HIT-T15. Regul Pept. 2012 Aug 20;177(1-3):79-84.

  [3]. Kubota N, et al. Pioglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance and diabetes by both adiponectin-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 31;281(13):8748-55.

  [4]. Elrashidy RA, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Sep;17(3):324-33.

In order to evaluate cell proliferation, HIT-T15 cells are seeded on 96-well plates (3×10⁴ cells/well) and cultured for 5 days as described. Viable cells are determined using the Cell Titer 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay. To evaluate cell apoptosis and cell necrosis, HIT-T15 cells are plated on 6-well dishes (7×10⁵ cells/well) for 5 days in standard conditions (CTR) or in the presence of AGEs (AGEs) with or without Pioglitazone (0.5 or 1 μM) or AG (1 mM). They are then processed to measure both the activity of caspase-3 and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (a stable cytosolic enzyme that is a marker of cell membrane damage and cell death due to necrosis) using Cytotox 96 Non Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay^[2]. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Pioglitazone (AD 4833) hydrochloride is prepared in 0.25% carboxymethylcellulose (Mice)^[3].
Pioglitazone hydrochloride is suspended in 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (Rat)^[4].

Mice^[3]
10 mg/kg Pioglitazone HCl or vehicle (0.25% carboxymethylcellulose) is adnimistered to ob/ob and adipo^-/- ob/ob mice by oral gavage once daily for 14 consecutive days. 30 mg/kg Pioglitazone or vehicle is also adnimistered to ob/ob and adipo^-/- ob/ob mice by oral gavage once daily for 14 consecutive days.
Rat^[4]
Male Wistar albino rats (weighing 250±20 g) are ued.Rats that achieved serum glucose level ≥250 mg/dL and serum creatinine level ≥1.5 mg/dL are divided into 2 groups (n=10 per each group): diabetic nephropathic (DN) group in which rats received an equal amount of vehicle (0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose) and Pioglitazone-treated (DN+Pio) group in which rats treated with Pioglitazone. Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg BW) is given orally by gastric gavage, once daily, for 4 weeks. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Kuwabara K, et al. A novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, 2-methyl-c-5-[4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxazolyl]butyl]-1,3-dioxane-r-2-carboxylic acid (NS-220), potently decreases plasma triglyceride and glucose leve

  [2]. Puddu A, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates the detrimental effects of advanced glycation end-products in the pancreatic beta cell line HIT-T15. Regul Pept. 2012 Aug 20;177(1-3):79-84.

  [3]. Kubota N, et al. Pioglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance and diabetes by both adiponectin-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 31;281(13):8748-55.

  [4]. Elrashidy RA, et al. Pioglitazone attenuates cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Sep;17(3):324-33.

392.9

C₁₉H₂₁ClN₂O₃S

112529-15-4

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere

10 mM in DMSO

* "<1 mg/ml"="" means="" slightly="" soluble="" or="" insoluble.="" "≥"="" means="" soluble,="" but="" saturation="">